New Kind of Magnetic Effects Caused by Magnetic Force

This review introduces the new kind of magnetic effects, caused by a magnetic force: F_H =(1/2)��grad��H²dV (��:volume magnetic susceptibility, H: magnetic strength). Recently, magnetic attractive force acting on paramagnetic oxygen gas has been found to affect gas flows and combustion. Chapter 4 describes this new research area "magnetoaerodynamics". In Chapter 5, the utilization of magnetic force in space experiments is introduced. Magnetic force causes convection and buoyancy. Magnetic convective air flow was used to support combustion in diffusion flames which cannot continue combustion under microgravity. Furthermore, magnetic buoyancy force was used to transport bubbles which cause troubles in many space experiments. In Chapter 6, a new method to control the level of gravity by the vertical magnetic force is introduced. The behavior of bubbles under this magnetic-gravitational hybrid field proved that the level of gravity was in fact reduced to ��G. Furthermore, the change in the level of gravity was found to affect the number of protein crystals segregated from the supersaturated solution. In Chapter 7, magnetic orientation of protein crystals is used to study the initial stage of protein crystallization, the mechanism of which has not been clarified. Recently, liquid helium free superconducting magnets have been developed, and it is easy for a chemist to use strong magnetic fields�`10T. Such strong magnetic field will provide a new tool to chemists.